The Influences of Scientific Management on Organization †Mgmt Essay

The Influences of Scientific Management on Organization – Mgmt Essay Free Online Research Papers The Influences of Scientific Management on Organization Mgmt Essay Taylor, who firstly brought up a new topic, Scientific Management, which is considered the strongest and only economical motive by both workman and entrepreneur in the early 20th centuries. It includes three parts: a) the study of time and action; b) the management on assignment; c) the theory of organization. (8)Taylor’s theory created a revolution in the subject of management because it was the first scientific method in field of management science. (1)After that, management became a truly scientific knowledge and it expanded and modified by later generations. Therefore, Taylor is â€Å"known as the father of scientific management†. (2) Taylor put forward a perspective which was â€Å"study the character, the nature and the performance of each workman† and moreover, to â€Å"train and help and teach this workman†. (3) In the following paragraphs, will exploring the relevant and irrelevant hypotaxis between Scientific Management and organizations. Scientific Management also has a relationship with today’s environment because it has two advantages. Firstly, compare to the past, management is getting more scientific. How to improve production efficiency is the starting point of Scientific Management, and also is the final destination. It aims to unearth and cultivate workmen’s endowment, let them have the best performance in their work to obtain the highest efficiency farthest. Taylor said that the enormous increasing in production efficiency was the evident distinction to differentiate which a nation was civilized one or not. Moreover, it is the huge progressive emblem of human’s community. To change the production efficiency, he focused on management and labor. It based on â€Å"co-operation between the management and workers† (4) close together. The most quick and effective way is to import scientific analyses and knowledge into management practice, using scientific method instead of experienced wa y in various categories of work. â€Å"Bring everyone’s production efficiency into full play to accomplish maximum profit.†(5)For example, nowadays in the situation of teem of two workers in the factories, the fact is clearly identical. To understand that a worker and his helper, their workmanship become a extraordinary skill .The worker and his helper can produce two TV sets in one day, meanwhile, their competitor and helper can only produce one. After selling, the worker and helper can earn more money; the management can make more profits. In the same way, two competitive companies, different areas in a country, even between two nations, they will have the same situation while they in the same competitive market. In any case, maximum profit can only be occurred when the production efficiency is maximized. And Scientific Management is a better medium to increase production efficiency (6). Secondly; it created a revolution in the inner world of labor and management. The change in the mental world is absolutely necessary if management try to control more efficacious. â€Å"Scientific Managements routine characteristic is in harmony, but not in discord.†(7) The most important point in each element of Scientific Management is the labor and capital closely co-operated; peaceful coexistence, but not struggle; show love and respect instead of quarrel and conflict; take a identical target instead of proceed in opposite directions; to understand and trust each other instead of to be envious; let the labor and capital become friends instead of opponents. (8) These are the essence of Scientific Management. â€Å"To co-operated, but not to be individualism.†(7) Taylor placed emphasis on the capital need to respect, show consideration and feel sorry for labor; eliminate the uneasy factors in a work conditions; make workers feel happy during working hours. He believed that management and worker can be co-operated because of they could agree with each other for making profit. Higher wages is the only target of labor. Capital wants to seek out the way to achieve minimum capitalized cost. Taylor deemed that if capital and labor can agree with him, and makes the mental revolution happen afterwards, thus they can sign the productivity agreement and then pay more attention on how to increase the surplus rather than argue about the distribution of surplus make, until the surplus make is big enough. Anyway, it is the first time to treat a worker like a human being, but not a tool as machine does; the first time to pay close attention to human factor’s effect in the business management. Those opinions he had pointed out, take a big step in the history of management idea.(8) In this day and age, one Japanese company which called Panasonic has followed what Taylor said, the boss always thinks about the inferiors, listens to what they claim about. Th e head tells everybody in the company that Panasonic belongs to everybody and he gives workers about 10% shares in the stock market. All employees in the company have strong sense of responsibility. So Panasonic become one of the most famous companies on the world. In China everyone knows one adage, â€Å"A gentleman is ready to die for his bosom friends†. They have analogous meaning. Capital cares labor, thus labor would â€Å"fight† for them. â€Å"Taylor was not really concerned with other organizational or management issues. His focus was on efficiency.†(9) Consequently, for aim to improve the production efficiency, he suggested that people had to follow what his method said. However, workers might not be adopting Taylors method. (10) Although the time for products is decreasing, whereas products reiterate again and again. Taylor’s method was â€Å"characterized as the machine model of organization†. (9) His opinions caused a conspicuous influence on the business organization and how workers were took over. However, unfortunately, labor dislikes this way. Labors are humans, not machines. They can not do the things like machines do. They have feelings, they can not over working and concentrate for long periods, and otherwise, they will feel deep pressure and decrease the working efficiency. In this case, some workers will slack in work, no matter how much the wages are. (If wages are too low, they will leave the factory or company). Several times later, others who originally work reall y hard will be affected by those people, such an example like termites, a big house maybe destroyed by merely a small brood of termites. Therefore, others will follow those â€Å"termites†, because they might think that if everybody has the same salary, why should they keep doing hard at work? It is unfair. At last, a vicious circle created. Theses firms will decreasing productive and might be exit the market. The ultimate purpose of Taylor’s method is aim to improve economical benefits. If a firm in the market can not produce the economical benefits, it will be supplanted by others in the market, and not only of this, a firm which can not make economical benefits also waste of social resource, commit a crime. (8) However, Taylor omitted the social benefit. It will make firms resort to dubious shift to further their interests, ignore the long-term benefits, offend against the law, ruin social benefits, and lose market or even make the social economic shaky and unstable. For example, one famous magazine has discussed and elected top 500 businesses in the world in 1950s.After 40 years, half of them disappeared. The basic reason is that they only seek about the economical benefits. However, Panasonic has done quite well. It combined the economical benefits and social benefits. This is the reason that why Panasonic undefeated. (8) Although Taylor’s Scientific Management brought out many scientific points, he leaved one important thing out of consideration. That was what people called humanism. (8)What he researches is still the technological innovation inside the work. Nowadays people can only consider it to be an excellence theory in workshop management. Because in the capitalist society which based on private ownership of productions, capital is wanted as primitive accumulation and surplus wealth is shortage, capital and labor can not agree with the radical benefits. Capital purses infinity surplus value, so they would not authentic care or feels sorry to labor. Thus, what Taylor’s method tried to harmonize class contradictions between the capital and labor, unite them as a unity that share the mutually beneficial, however, it will only be treated as a beautiful fantasy. (8) To sum up, Scientific Management attaches importance to technology and individual work efficiency too much, omits many limitations such as the whole function of business. However, because of Taylor, production efficiency has improved, products become more and more plentiful. Nowadays people can have a rich and colorful life like a king in the past. (8) â€Å"Much of core of Scientific Management remains with us today, only been modified, updated and given a human face.†(9) References: Samson, D. Draft, R. L. (Pacific Rim Edition) Management. Australia: Thomson Learning.(page 51-52) Patricia H. W. R. Edward Freeman. (1995) Business ethics. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management, vol.11, (page 622). Taylor, F. W. (1947) Scientific Management. New York: Harper.(page 47) Nigel Slack. (1995).Operation Management. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management, vol. 10, (page 186-187). Taylor’s theory of Scientific Management .Retrieved August 13th,2005,available from 365hr.com.cn/qyzx/20sjqygl/llp/llp_2.htm Basic theory of Scientific Management. Retrieved August 13th,2005,available from manage9.com/type.asp?news_id=87 The best way in management. Retrieved August 14th,2005,available from manage9.com/type.asp?news_id=88 The particular points in Scientific Management. Retrieved August 14, 2005,available from lwzx.net/lunwen/4925.htm People Whose Ideas Influence Organizational Work. Retrieved August 14th ,2005,available from onepine.info/ptaylor.htm Patricia Ryaby Backer. (1998).Scientific Management. Retrieved August 14th, 2005, available from engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/scientific_mgt.htm Research Papers on The Influences of Scientific Management on Organization - Mgmt EssayThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfTwilight of the UAWGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Kelloggs Supply Chain

Kelloggs Supply Chain Introduction Supply chain management involves the creation, implementation and management of all the processes involved in delivering raw materials from suppliers to manufacturers followed by making of the final product, and delivering the finished product to retail buyers until it reaches the end customer (Bozarth 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kellogg’s Supply Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supply chain can be said to entail the flow of raw materials (from suppliers to manufacturers to retailers and finally to the end consumer), and flow of information and cash from customers to manufacturers and back to the suppliers. Logistics is part of this supply chain, and supply chain is part of the value chain (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012). Effective and successful supply chain management is very important in gaining a competitive advantage. To realize the benefits of succe ssful supply chain management, the following issues should be considered: Business location: It is important to locate a business in a place that is convenient to its operations (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012). For instance, an electricity generation business should be located near rivers, or lakes. This is in order to reduce delivery costs. A business dealing with selling of fresh products should be located near its warehouses and stores. This helps to keep its products fresh. According to the case study on Kelloggs supply chain, Kellogg has its ingredients grown in many different countries across the world. Therefore, it is important to situate its manufacturing sites near its distribution channels and customers. This way, Kellogg’s products can reach the retailers’ shelves quickly (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fir st paper with 15% OFF Learn More Size and scale: A business should consider its production capacity. This means that if a business produces in large scale, then it should have a large storage facility as well as a large office space for its operations. On the contrary, if it produces in small scale, then it should have a small production and storage space. For instance, Kellogg produces its cereals and other products in bulk (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012). Large scale production has its benefits. One is that, it can make a business incur negligible costs of production in its operations. As a result of this, its products are likely to sell cheaply as compared to the competitors. This can be referred to as a competitive advantage. Customer location (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012): In order to achieve a competitive advantage, a business should consider where its target customers are situated. This way, it can arrange for cost effective means of transporting its products. For instance, for oversees customers it would be best to use air transport in order to reduce time and to maintain the quality of the products. It is also advisable to consider the cost effectiveness of the means of transport to be used with customer’s location in mind. For example, for customers near the production centre, it is advisable to use road transport because it is cheaper. Economies of scale (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012): A business should take advantage of this by producing in large scale, thereby transporting in bulk. This way it can reduce the trips covered to transport its products to customers. As a result, less transport costs will be incurred making the products competitive in the market since unit distribution costs are minimal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kellogg’s Supply Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kellogg shares transportation of its transportation with Kimberley Clark, which manufactures paper goods products. This strategy helps to reduce the number of part-full or empty transport vehicles. Consequently, time, mileage and CO2 emissions are minimized. Profits are maximized if this is done. Outsourcing of transport costs: A business can allocate transportation roles to a different company. This means that the outsourced company transports on behalf of the business. The advantage of this strategy is that it could be cheaper to outsource rather than the business doing its own transportation. Another benefit is that a business will concentrate its resources on production which improves efficiency. For instance, Kellogg partners with TDG, a logistics specialist. TDG stores and transports Kellogg’s cereals. This allows Kelloggs to concentrate on its area of specialization which is manufacturing of cereals among other food products (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012). Creating and improving healthy relationships with the intermediaries (Gligor Autry 2012): Intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers deal with customers directly. Therefore, if businesses have good relationships with them, they can promote its products. A business can come up with ways of adding value to the intermediaries. A good example is Kellogg’s Shelf Ready Unit that Kellogg developed with Tesco (one of Kellogg’s retail supermarkets). This unit displays Kellogg’s and Tesco’s products and attracts customers because it is attractive and easy to select. As a result, this increases their sales and profits. Right marketing mix: In order for the business to have a competitive advantage, it should ensure that it has the right product, in the right place and at the right time. It should conduct market research in order to know the needs of the customers. It should also keep in mind customer location. In order for the prod ucts to reach the customers on time, it should have effective distribution channels. For example, Kellogg manufactures the right products based on research into consumer needs. It also manages the distribution channels in order to place its products in stores. This makes its products to be competitive.4Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Use of efficient stock inventory software: Such software enables a company to detect and respond to changes in product levels, demand and supply (Handfield 2011). In short, such software aims at achieving optimization or the highest level of production possible. Just-in-time is an example of such software. It ensures that only enough products are produced to fulfill orders and therefore limited stock is kept. Such systems ensure that stock is always available, and ordered products are delivered on time. This helps to reduce storage costs and consequently help in achieving competitive advantage. Improving inter-organizational exchange relationships: This involves effective communication of reliable and timely information between two or more players in the supply chain (Gligor Autry 2012). A business should aim at establishing ways of communicating effectively with its suppliers, wholesalers and retailers. This can reduce uncertainty as well as lower the costs of production. For exam ple, with effective communication with the supplier, a business is able to know changes in supplier capacity and make timely adjustments on the level of production so as not to affect production capacity. Competent supplier evaluation: In order to achieve competitive advantage, a business should evaluate its suppliers based on their competence. Factors such as delivery ability, flexibility of orders, quality and reliability as well as pricing can be used as a benchmark to select the best supplier (Breitenbach 2011). For instance, a vendor that has exceptional ability to deliver on time will reduce delay in production, which can affect the level of output. Additionally, a supplier that provides exceptional quality and reliability will deliver products that tie with the business requirements. This can save money and time spent on inspecting quality and quantity of the products. Effective procurement (purchase) and distribution of products: For a business to offer affordable prices to its customers, it can reduce the costs of purchasing its production materials. This can be implemented during procurement. For instance, Wal-Mart is a large retail chain which deals with various products. Some of them are food products while others are consumer electronics. It uses this strategy of reducing costs during procurement. Wal-Mart does this by buying its goods directly from the manufacturers and suppliers. As a result, it is able to bypass the intermediaries, agents and middlemen (Angrish et al. 2005). This leads to reduced procurement and distribution costs and this way Wal-Mart affords to sell its products at very competitive prices. Use of bar codes, hand held computer systems such as ‘Magic Wand’: The bar codes can be used to put labels on products, shelves and bins while the hand held computer can guide the employee to the exact location of a product. This device can record and update the packaging department on product levels. Wal-Mart also uses RFID (R adio Frequency Identification System) which is much more effective (Angrish et al. 2005). These mechanisms allow Wal-Mart to meet expectations of the clients fast and to increase the competence level of the distribution center operations. Introduction of E-commerce in supply chain management: E-commerce and e-business involves or entails commercial transactions conducted over the internet. This enables a business to buy or sell its products on the internet (Zank Vokurka 2003). When a business uses the internet to conduct its business, it reduces costs such as transport and advertising. For example, a business person selling services such as consultancy need not travel from one place to another in order to do business. This helps to reduce time and transport costs. A business selling books over the internet does not incur any advertising costs making the books cheaper. E-business can make a business very competitive since products and services incur fewer costs compared to competito rs who do not use the internet. Conclusion Supply chain management involves creation, management and implementation of processes involved in the supply chain. Some of the processes include packaging, procurement, transportation and distribution. In order for a business to achieve a competitive advantage, it should consider some factors that can help it to improve the processes in its supply chain. Such factors are business location, size and scale of operations, customer location, economies of scale, outsourcing of transport costs, creation and improvement of healthy relationships with the intermediaries among others. A business should aim at improving these factors in order to reduce its production and distribution costs. When the costs of production are high, the prices of end products will also be high. On the other hand, the lower the costs of production, the lower the prices of end products. A business with high production costs will increase the cost of its final products maki ng them less competitive than a business with low production costs. Consequently, when the end products are affordable, sales and profits will rise and vice versa. References Angrish, S, Chivukula, S, Devvitt, V, Patel, B, Shamsi, R, Yellapragada, S, Ramachandra 2005, ‘Wal-Mart Case Study’, RFID and Supply Chain Management. Bozarth, C 2011, ‘A Quick Premier on BPM’, Business Process Management. Breitenbach, Z 2011, ‘What Should the Professional Supply Chain Manager Know about Six Sigma’, Supply Chain Management. Gligor, D Autry, C 2012, ‘The role of personal relationships in facilitating supply chain communications’, A Qualitative study, vol. 48 no. 1, pp. 24-43. Handfield, R 2011, ‘The Supply Chain IT Investment Enigma’, Companies are Rethinking IT Investments. ‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012, Kellogg’s Case Study: Supply chain manufacturing to shelf. Zank, G Vokurka, R 2003, ‘T he Internet’, Motivations, deterrents, and impact on supply chain relationships.

Discussion Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussion - Movie Review Example He resorts to painting one of the most sarcastic pieces of work he ever did, presenting himself in the painting as the villain of peace thereby suggesting a guilty plea. His youthful life existed during the time of religious dilemma in Italy attributed to artistic symbols used by the Catholic Faithfuls in Italy (Schama 1). The fact that Catholic Faithfuls successfully shot back idolatry accusations leveled against them by the Protestants from Northern Europe offered even better environment for Caravaggio to thrive in his yet to be painting career. Caravaggio’s artistic work majorly revolved around slavish copying of surrounding phenomenon while presenting them in exactly opposite and unexpected form. For instance, he painted himself as Bacchus, the god of wine who was also a symbol of beauty and youthfulness in an opposite but similar way. His nature-twist form of art did catch attentions. He got a special invitation from Maria Del Monte, a Cardinal in Rome to move into the palazzo. However, despite the struggles, recognition and fame, Caravaggio’s life remained more or less the same. He committed murder, ended up in the wrong side of the law. Born in Spain in 1599, Velazquez grew up a talented man in painting. Humbled, relatively peaceful, and benign paintings dominated his artistic choice throughout his pieces of work. His painting reflected the ancient ways of livelihood in Southern Europe. He painted taverns cum pubs, kitchens, and contrasting family pictures showing innocent faces of both old and young alike. The paintings appeared distinct than painting could be, presenting the household picture the way it ought to appear explicit (ZCZFilms 1). Velazquez’s appreciation for the role of the family and religion in social livelihood became a major theme dominant in his paintings. The theme ranged from painting of a pub, kitchen, humbled family members, and a portrait similar to that of Virgin Mary. He valued his wife so much